History Of Artificial Intelligence

DEEP FOCUS: A.I.: A VISUAL STUDY, Parts 1 & 2

By Benjamin Sampson PressPlay contributor

As most people know, Steven Spielberg ’s A.I Artificial Intelligence actually started out as Stanley Kubrick ’s A.I Artificial Intelligence . It was Kubrick’s longest gestating project, always in some form of development or another from the 1970s until his death in 1999. Part of Kubrick’s hesitance to make the film was actually very practical. Kubrick knew he shot films slowly, and therefore hesitated to cast a child actor in the starring role of David for fear that any real child would grow too rapidly for on-screen consistency. Kubrick spent a significant amount of time trying to solve this problem, even pouring a good deal of money into the development of actual robots for the role, only to abandon the attempts. While the troubles of children and robots endlessly delayed the project throughout the 1980s, it also eventually led to Spielberg’s participation in the film.

After viewing Jurassic Park in 1993, Kubrick thought digital effects might now be sophisticated enough to solve his technical problems. He knew Spielberg well—the two had been friends since 1979, when they both shared neighboring sound stages in England while filming The Shining and Raiders of the Lost Ark —and so he contacted the other director for advice. Their conversations led to Spielberg becoming a confidant and advisor on A.I and, as the collaboration grew, Kubrick eventually came to believe Spielberg’s sensibilities and quicker filming pace would better suit the material. He even offered Spielberg the job at several points, saying they could advertise the project with “Stanley Kubrick Presents a Steven Spielberg Film.” Spielberg, however, initially declined. After Kubrick’s death in 1999, Christiane Kubrick and Jan Harlan approached Spielberg and asked him to complete the film. Spielberg this time agreed and the final film was released, appropriately enough, in the year 2001.

So now we have the film—the technological and artistic child of two very famous and very different directors. But given this filmmaking pedigree, the film itself is sadly the most overlooked artifact of the entire venture. Critics and fans spend much their time debating the contributions of each filmmaker—what belonged to Kubrick and what was added by Spielberg—and often with incorrect theories. A common misconception, for example, is that Kubrick would have ended the film with David trapped under the sea, and that Spielberg tacked on some strange and sentimental ending set in the far future, which is false. Kubrick actually devised the entire ending.

History of Artificial Intelligence « Empress of the Global Universe

Man has always been trying to develop machines that make his day-to-day work easier. New techniques are developed on a continual basis to improve the functioning of already existing one. With advancements in science and technology, machines are taught to handle more complicated tasks; in short they are made more intelligent than the previous forms. Artificial intelligence is nothing but inducing intelligence into machines externally. The history of artificial intelligence can be traced back to the period of 800 B.C. Egypt.The Egyptians had built a statue of Amon The first mechanical calculating machine numbers was developed by Pascal in 1642 years. It was improved by Leibniz in 1673 to create "Step Reckoner," a machine that can perform additional functions of multiplication and division. Later in the 18th century, many different mechanical toys were developed. Vaucanson Duck mechanical and chess player Von Kempelen lifts are the best examples of such toys.

The concept of formal logic formal logic was popularized by Bertrand Russell in the early 20th century. Alfred North Whitehead too, presented his research on this topic through a book called ‘Principia Mathematica’. It was also during this period that Karel Capek coined the term, robot. Development of electronic computer later in the 40s decade made it easy to manipulate numbers and symbols.

Logic Theorist John McCarthy is said to be the father of AI. He played a significant role in bringing together people interested in artificial intelligence. McCarthy organized the Dartmouth conference in 1956. This conference proved to be the beginning of a new era in the field of artificial intelligence. The word, artificial intelligence was officially accepted by participants of this conference. Notable personalities who were part of the Dartmouth Conference included Marvin Minsky, Nathan Rochester (IBM) and Claude Shannon. Other scientists who attended this conference were Oliver Selfridge, Ray Solomonoff, Arthur, Trenchard More, Herbert Simon and Allen Newell. The Logic Theorist program developed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon was introduced to scientists in this conference.

LISP Programming Language These are the modern developments which took place in the field of artificial intelligence. The activity of creating expert systems was supported by governments of many countries. The expertise and knowledge base of human beings can be applied to problem-solving through the use of computer programs. Such computer programs are known as expert systems. These systems are however, used to solve only certain, specific problems.

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